Category
Glossary
Amide (C-Terminal Amidation)
Conversion of a peptide's C-terminal carboxylic acid into a primary amide (–CONH2), mimicking a natural modification and shifting the expected mass by about 1 Da.
Amino Acid
The monomer unit of every peptide: an alpha-carbon carrying an amino group, a carboxyl group and a variable side chain that dictates the residue's chemistry.
Amylin
A 37-amino-acid hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta-cells, acting at calcitonin-receptor complexes to signal satiation.
Bacteriostatic Water
Sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative, which allows a reconstituted vial to be entered more than once.
Certificate of Analysis (COA)
The lot-specific document reporting what was tested on a peptide batch — purity, identity, appearance — and by whom, on a stated date.
Dual Agonist
A single peptide engineered to activate two distinct receptors at a controlled potency ratio, rather than combining two separate molecules.
GIP
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: a 42-residue incretin from duodenal K-cells, and the second receptor arm engaged by tirzepatide.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonist
An engineered molecule that activates the GLP-1 receptor while resisting DPP-4 cleavage, extending duration from minutes to hours or days.
GLP-1
Glucagon-like peptide-1: an incretin released from intestinal L-cells that acts at the GLP-1 receptor and is cleaved within minutes by DPP-4.
Glucagon Receptor
A class B GPCR expressed mainly on hepatocytes, and the third receptor arm engaged by glucagon-containing multi-agonist research peptides.
HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography: the separation method behind the purity percentage on a peptide certificate, reported as peak area percent.
Incretin
Gut-derived hormones — principally GLP-1 and GIP — that amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after oral nutrient intake.
Lot Number
The batch identifier printed on a vial that links it to one production run and to the test results reported for that run.
Lyophilized
Freeze-dried under vacuum: water is frozen then sublimed away, leaving a dry cake that is far more stable in transit and storage than a solution.
Mass Spectrometry
The identity test on a peptide certificate: measured mass-to-charge ratios are converted to molecular mass and matched against the sequence's theoretical value.
Peptide Bond
The amide linkage formed when one amino acid's carboxyl group condenses with the next amino group — the covalent backbone of every peptide.
Peptide
A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds — conventionally 2 to about 50 residues, above which the same molecule is usually called a protein.
Purity
The main HPLC peak's share of total detected peak area — a relative measure of chromatographic homogeneity, not a measure of how much peptide is in the vial.
Reconstitution
Dissolving a lyophilized peptide in a chosen solvent to reach a known, calculable concentration in mg/mL — a laboratory preparation step, not an administration step.
Research Use Only (RUO)
A labelling designation marking material as intended for laboratory investigation only, not for diagnostic procedures or administration to humans or animals.
Sterile Water
Preservative-free water for injection: appropriate where benzyl alcohol would interfere, but the resulting solution should be treated as single-entry.
Triple Agonist
A single peptide engineered to activate three receptors — typically GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon — from one proglucagon-family backbone.
Acetate Salt
A counter-ion form produced by exchanging trifluoroacetate for acetate. It is the standard for approved peptide products and for sensitive cell-based work.
Acetylation
Capping a peptide's N-terminal amine with an acetyl group — adding 42.01 Da, removing a positive charge and blocking aminopeptidase attack.