Category
Peptide Knowledge
What is AOD-9604? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
AOD-9604 is a 16-residue growth hormone C-terminal fragment with an N-terminal tyrosine, studied for lipolytic activity separated from the IGF-1 axis.
What is ARA-290? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an 11-residue peptide from the helix-B surface of erythropoietin, designed to engage the innate repair receptor without stimulating erythropoiesis.
What is Cagrilintide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Cagrilintide is a long-acting, aggregation-resistant amylin analog active across the amylin and calcitonin receptor family. Structure, reported mechanism and research context.
What is Follistatin-344? Structure, Activin Binding and Research Overview
Follistatin-344 is the 344-residue FST gene product: a 37.8 kDa glycoprotein that neutralises activin A, myostatin and GDF-11 by encircling the ligand itself.
What is GHK-Cu? Structure, Copper Chemistry, Mechanism and Research Overview
GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide glycyl-histidyl-lysine, a human plasma peptide studied for over fifty years in matrix, wound and skin research.
What is Hexarelin? Structure, GHS-R1a and CD36 Mechanism, and Research Overview
Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide secretagogue built from the GHRP-6 scaffold, notable for a second target: the cardiac scavenger receptor CD36.
What is IGF-1 DES? Structure, IGF-1R Mechanism and Research Overview
IGF-1 DES (1-3) is native IGF-1 minus its first three residues — a 67-residue truncation that loses IGFBP affinity while keeping full IGF-1 receptor activity.
What is IGF-1 LR3? Structure, IGF-1R Mechanism and Research Overview
IGF-1 LR3 is an 83-residue recombinant IGF-1 analogue with an Arg3 substitution and a 13-residue N-terminal extension, both aimed at escaping IGF binding proteins.
What is KPV? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
KPV is the Lys-Pro-Val tripeptide from the C-terminus of alpha-MSH, studied for NF-kappa B suppression and epithelial barrier effects in cell and rodent models.
What is Larazotide Acetate? Structure, Tight-Junction Mechanism and Research
Larazotide acetate is an eight-residue peptide designed to antagonise the zonulin pathway that opens intestinal tight junctions, studied through phase 3 in celiac disease.
What is Liraglutide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Liraglutide is a palmitoylated GLP-1(7-37) analog differing from the native hormone at one residue. Structure, reported mechanism and why its shorter duration still matters.
What is LL-37? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, a 37-residue cationic amphipathic helix released from hCAP18 and studied for both membrane disruption and immune signalling.
What is Mazdutide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Mazdutide is an acylated oxyntomodulin analog acting as a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist. Structure, reported mechanism and research context for lab use.
What is MGF? The IGF-1 Ec E-Domain Peptide, Its Mechanism and Research Record
MGF is the 24-residue C-terminal E-domain of the IGF-1 Ec splice variant — not an IGF-1 analogue, and with no receptor identified in the published record.
What is PEG-MGF? Structure, PEGylation Rationale and Research Overview
PEG-MGF is the 24-residue MGF E-domain peptide with a polyethylene glycol chain attached — same sequence, longer working window, and a conjugate COA to read.
What is Retatrutide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Retatrutide is a 39-residue acylated peptide that activates GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Structure, reported mechanism and the research context behind the triple agonist.
What is Semaglutide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Semaglutide is a synthetic 31-residue GLP-1 analog with an Aib8 substitution and a C18 fatty diacid for albumin binding. A research-grade structure and mechanism explainer.
What is Survodutide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Survodutide is an acylated dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist, cited as BI 456906. Structure, reported mechanism and how it differs from GIP-containing duals.
What is Tirzepatide? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
Tirzepatide is a 39-residue acylated peptide built on a GIP backbone that engages both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Structure, reported mechanism and research context.
What is VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)? Structure, Mechanism and Research
VIP is a 28-residue amidated neuropeptide of the secretin-glucagon superfamily that signals through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors to raise cyclic AMP.
What is 5-Amino-1MQ? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for adipocyte NAD+ and methyl-donor metabolism. Structure, reported mechanism and what the evidence covers.
What is ACE-031? ActRIIB-Fc Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
ACE-031 is a soluble ActRIIB-Fc decoy receptor that intercepts myostatin, activin A and GDF-11 before they reach the membrane receptor — and a discontinued clinical candidate.
What is BPC-157 + TB-500 (Wolverine Blend)? Composition, Mechanism and Research
The Wolverine blend co-lyophilizes BPC-157 and TB-500 at a 1:1 mass ratio in one vial. Two unrelated mechanisms, and ratio arithmetic that is not what it looks like.
What is BPC-157? Structure, Mechanism and Research Overview
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide studied in tissue-repair models, with proposed angiogenic and nitric oxide pathway involvement and no identified receptor.